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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1] 

 

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  Ratios of girls to boys in education

  1. Primary  :

Ø  2000: 0.79[2]

Ø  2005:

Ø  2007:

  1. Secondary: 

Ø  2000: 0.71[3]

Ø  2005: 0.86[4]

Ø  2007:

  1. Tertiary:

Ø  2000: 0.40[5]

Ø  2005: 0.40[6]

Ø  2007:

 

Access to tertiary education, which is still regarded as a luxury for girls in Nepal. Women’s share of tertiary enrolment in comparison to secondary enrolment also drops dramatically (more than 15%) in Nepal.[7] 

 

Voices from the ground 

Videos:

 

a.    While trekking in Nepal in 1998, American John Wood saw that many children couldn't afford to go to school and that schools in the poorest rural areas had a chronic shortage of books. It was a transformational experience for Wood that spurred him to start a literacy program called Room to Read. This video tells the story of Wood's nonprofit that now helps to educate millions of children in the developing world and visits some of the Nepalese communities his program has helped. Watch the video 

b.    This half hour documentary shows a day in the life of three Nepalese girls —Shanta, Pragya and Karuna. Their stories give context to the plight of women in Nepal and the invaluable role education plays in ending the cycle of female oppression. Three was funded by the nonprofit The Little Sisters Fund. Watch the documentary 

 

News/Magazine Articles:

 

a.    This article focuses on how the lack of education for girls in Nepal can push them into prostitution. Read it here 

 

 

3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

  1. 2001: 14.0 (total paid employment)[8]
  2. 2005:
  3. 2008:              

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 49.9%[9]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 104[10]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 64%[11]

 

 

3.3 Proportion of seats held by women in national parliament

  1. 2001: 5.9[12]
  2. 2005: The parliament (elected in the parliamentary elections in 1999) was dissolved on 22 May 2002. Women held 12 of the 205 (5.9%) seats in the outgoing parliament[13]
  3. 2010: 33.2[14]

 

The percentage of seats held by women shows some improvement, since 1995 in Nepal.[15]

         

 

Critical indicators to monitor women’s legislation

3.3.1 Laws on equality; protecting women from violence[16]:

a.    Domestic Violence:  Constitutional Provision 2063 (2007)

b.    Anti-Rape: Rape is described in the Muliki Ain as an act of sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent or with the use of force, threats, fear or immoral enticement

c.    Anti-Marital Rape: Act for Gender Equality (2006)

d.    Anti-Sexual Harassment: Constitutional Provision (2007); Act for Gender Equality (2006)

e.    Anti-Trafficking: Human Trafficking Control Act (2007)

 

Anti domestic violence laws/acts and constitutional provisions only exist between 2004-2008.[17]

 

In Nepal marital rape is part of the gender equality bill and termed ‘emotional violence.’ This is probably in deference to a prevailing cultural perception that wives are supposed to submit to their husband’s wishes in matters of sexual relations and hence, there is no such concept of ‘rape’ within marriage or ‘rape’ being considered a form of violence within the marriage.[18]

 

Another important aspect of violence is sexual harassment in the public sphere. In Nepal, there is no law addressing all forms of sexual harassment. However, some aspects of sexual harassment are dealt with in provisions of the Muluki Ain. Any man who touches the body of a woman other than his wife, or a girl above the age of 11, with the intention of having sexual intercourse is liable to up to one year of imprisonment, a fine of up to Rs 500 or both.

 

Additionally, the seduction of a woman with the intention of sexual intercourse is punishable with six months to two years’ imprisonment, a fine of Rs 500–6,000 or both. There is no specific law on sexual harassment in the workplace.[19]

 

Anti-trafficking laws are one area where all countries have provisions in place. In Nepal, A human trafficking law exists: the Traffic in Human Beings (Control) Act, 1986. According to government sources, there were 110 reported cases of trafficking in 1998–99, a slight decrease from figures reported in previous years. However, many cases go unreported. As many as 35% of girls trafficked for prostitution from Nepal to neighboring countries are lured with promises of opportunities for employment or marriage. The constitution guarantees the right against exploitation, which prohibits trafficking in human beings, slavery, serfdom, or forced labour in any form. Any contravention of this provision is punishable by law.[20]

 

 

Voices from the ground:

            Videos:

a.    This video by Al Jazeera focuses on Anju Acharya, whose mother was murdered by relatives.  Anju is now fighting to get those guilty imprisoned and to help other women to avoid the same fate. It also focuses on how the prime minister of Nepal to demand an end to violence against women, as a third of Nepal’s women are believed to suffer violence at home and many more are victims of psychological abuse. Watch the video

b.    This video focuses on how widows are treated in Nepal, as outcasts and tells the story of  Lily Thapa, who was treated brutally by her family when she became a widow, is now the president of Women for Human Rights, an organisation  formed of widows who are fighting against this social discrimination. Watch the video

c.    This video highlights how cornerstone training and the gift of livestock have helped some widows find their own voice in a patriarchal society. Watch the video 

d.    Almost half a million Nepalese women work overseas, to earn money to send home for their families, but are sometimes cruelly exploited.  This video highlights how Nepal is helping its female migrant workers fight for their rights. Watch the video 

  

News/Magazine Articles:

 

a.    This article focuses on how 250 women and lower-caste Dalit were elected to Nepal's new 601-member Constituent Assembly, reversing centuries of exclusion and raising hopes for a major political push to eradicate discrimination from Nepali society. Read it here

 

3.3.2 National Machineries on Women:

The National Council for the Development of Women and Children headed by the Prime Minister and the Ministry of Women, Children and Social Welfare (MWCSW). MWCSW has been defined as the lead agency to follow up and take necessary measures to meet Nepal’s international obligations on gender equality.[21]

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[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 2: Regional Context for the Realisation of sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Women’s Empowerment and Health Financing. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.18). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[10] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[11] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[12] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[13] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[14] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[15] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 2: Regional Context for the Realisation of sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights: Women’s Empowerment and Health Financing. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.22). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[16] The UN Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women. Retrieved 17 July, 2010, from The Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women Web site: http://webapps01.un.org/vawdatabase/advancedSearch.action

[17] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 4: Sexual Health and Rights. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.120). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[18] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi; Racherla Sai Jyothirmai. (2009). Chapter 4: Sexual Health and Rights. In The State of the Region Report on Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights-Monitoring ICPD+15 in Asia (Unpublished) (p.126). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre for Women (ARROW)

[19] The Centre for Reproductive Rights (CRR). (2004). Nepal, Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives, South Asia. (pp.141). New York, USA: CRR

[20] Centre for Reproductive Rights (CRR). (2004). Nepal. Women of the World: Laws and Policies Affecting Their Reproductive Lives, South Asia (pp. 141). New York, USA: CRR

[21] Government of Nepal. (2003). Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Combined second and third periodic report of States parties – Nepal. Nepal: Government of Nepal.

[22] Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) Nepal; New ERA; Macro International Inc. (2007). Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2006. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population; New ERA; Macro International Inc

[23] Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) Nepal; New ERA; Macro International Inc. (2007). Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2006. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health and Population; New ERA; Macro International Inc

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