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MDG 3:  Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman

Disclaimer: Some of the MDG data presented in this website have been adjusted by the responsible specialized agencies to ensure international comparability, in compliance with their shared mandate to assess progress towards the MDGs at the regional and global levels.[1] 

 

Target 3a: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005, and at all levels by 2015

 

Indicators (United Nations)

3.1  Ratios of girls to boys in education

  1. Primary:

Ø  2000: 0.85[2]

Ø  2005: 0.88[3]

Ø  2008: 0.91[4]

  1. Secondary: 

Ø  2000: 0.7[5]

Ø  2005: 0.76[6]

Ø  2008: 0.81[7]

  1. Tertiary:

Ø  2000: 0.53[8]

Ø  2005: 0.71[9]

Ø  -2008: 0.78[10]

Although Laos has seen a steady increase in the enrollment of girls in primary and secondary levels, it is still far from achieving MDG3 target. Women show a higher risk of dropping out of schools as is seen by the significant drop of 3-14% in the share of tertiary in comparison to secondary enrollment. Additional constrains faced by poor girls’ enrollment include early marriage, dependence on child household labour, bias against girls acquiring education, lack of or poor quality infrastructure and lack of employment opportunities after education.

 

 

3.2 Share of women in wage employment in the non-agricultural sector

  1. 2000:
  2. 2005: 50.2 (total employment)[11]
  3. 2008:                          

The total employment of women as reported in 2005 is 50.2. Laos also saw improvement in women's participation in the non-agricultural sector, with more than 40 percent of women employed in the civil service[12].

 

Critical Indicators to monitor labour force participation

      3.2.1 Labour Force Participation:

  1. Female Economic Activity rate: 54.0%[13]
  2. Change in Economic Activity Rate using index (1990 = 100) 2005: 101[14]
  3. As % of male rate 2005: 67%[15]

Between 1990 and 2005 Laos has seen a marginal increase in women’s labour force participation.

 

Voices from the ground

Videos:

a.    This video highlights a project that offers ethnic minority women to participate in regular maintenance of rural roads. Watch the video 

b.    This video focuses on an-women in Laos that helps to clear wartime landmines (left over from the Vietnam war). Watch the video   

News/MagazineArticles:

a.    These 2 articles focus on women in Laos, their role in their society, and why having a job elevates their status.

·         Article 1

·         Article 2 

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3.4 Additional, critical indicators for gender equality with regards to sexual and reproductive health and rights

The third MDG deals with the status of women in society and aims to promote gender equality and empower women.

However achievement of gender equality is not only about sending girls to school, women to the workplace and to parliament.

Everyday, many women continue to face inequalities and inequities within the family and society that they live in.

Many issues of sexual and reproductive health and rights are in essence gender equality issues as well as health issues. Sexual and reproductive health outcomes are results of power inequalities which have a negative impact on women’s health.

Issues of contraception such as male participation in contraception and spousal opposition to contraception (which is addressed in the MDG 5 pages) are gender issues.

Maternal deaths is a demonstratable issue of gender inequality. And as only women ‘can die’ from maternal deaths, a lack of access to life-saving procedures and medicines can amount to ‘discrimination’.

Violence is a reflection of power inequalities in society and comparably more women then men continue to be targets. Violence against women often results in physical and mental ill-health as well as death.

Recognition of women’s autonomy over her sexual life and her sexuality is also unequal to that of men, and can result in both sexual and reproductive ill-health for women.

However, all of these issues are addressed neither in the goal on gender equality nor in the goal on maternal and reproductive health. We have tried to incorporate some perspectives on these on the pages on MDG 3 & 5.

One such critical indicator for which data is readily available is:

3.4.1 Male Contraception as % of total contraception:

  1. Condom Users as proportion of all contraceptive users is 2.08%[25]
  2. Vasectomy as proportion of all contraceptive users

Male contraception methods include condom usage and male steralisation. In Laos, condom usage is abysmally low. While condom usage is considered the safer choice and the only method that provides dual protection from disease and unwanted pregnancy, in Laos condom users as proportion of all contraception users is 2.08%. As in other countries in the region, informed choice on contraceptive methods and side effects have not been emphasised in service provision. This probably explains why Laos ranks highest with regards unmet needs to contraception in the region.

Opposition to contraceptive use by husband is a key reason for low number of condom use and male sterilisation, which clearly reflects the gender power imbalance in negotiating the responsibility of bearing the burden of both pregnancy and disease prevention.[26]

 

 

[1] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[2] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[3] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[4] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[5] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[6] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[7] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[8] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[9] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[10] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[11] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[12] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), LAOS website. Accessed on 13 August 2010
http://www.undplao.org/mdgs/mdgs3.php

[13] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave MacmillanR

[14] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[15] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (2007). Gender Inequality in Economic Activity. In Human Development Report 2007/2008. Fighting Climate Change: Human Solidarity in a Divided World. (pp. 338 - 41). New York, USA: Palgrave Macmillan

[16] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[17] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[18] Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations Statistics Division, United Nations. Retrieved July 27, 2010, from Millennium Development Goals Indicators official site for United Nations’ MDG Indicators Web site: http://mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Data.aspx

[19] United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), LAOS website. Accessed on 13 August 2010
http://www.undplao.org/mdgs/mdgs3.php

[20] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[21] The UN Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women. Retrieved 17 July, 2010, from The Secretary-General’s Database on Violence Against Women Web site: http://webapps01.un.org/vawdatabase/advancedSearch.action

[22] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[23] Lao People’s Democratic Republic. (2003). Consideration of reports submitted by States parties under article 18 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. Combined initial, second, third, fourth and fifth periodic reports of States parties -Lao People’s Democratic Republic.  Laos : Lao People’s Democratic Republic

[24] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. (2009.) Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

[25] Committee for Planning and Investment (CPI); National Statistics Centre (NSI); United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2007). Lao Reproductive Health Survey 2005. Vientiane Capital, Lao PDR: CPI, NSI, UNFPA

[26] Thanenthiran, Sivananthi and Racherla, Sai Jyothirmai. 2009. Reclaiming and Redefining Rights, ICPD+15: Status of Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Asia. Malaysia: ARROW.

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